In a significant move to bolster global health security, 124 member states of the World Health Organization (WHO)voted in favor of a comprehensive international treaty aimed at strengthening pandemic preparedness and response. The vote took place during the World Health Assembly on Monday in Geneva, marking a milestone in global public health diplomacy.
The treaty—hailed as a landmark accord on equitable access to health tools and pandemic response governance—was prompted by the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed deep structural inequalities in access to vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Despite initial contention, the agreement passed with no votes against it. Eleven countries, including Poland, Israel, Italy, Russia, Slovakia, and Iran, abstained. Slovakia had requested the vote, driven by its vaccine-skeptic prime minister’s opposition to the pact.
WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus applauded the outcome, stating:
“Governments from all over the world are making their countries, and our interconnected global community, more equitable, healthier, and safer from the threats posed by pathogens and viruses of pandemic potential.”
The accord is set to be formally adopted in a plenary session on Tuesday, but its implementation hinges on the successful negotiation of a critical annex on pathogen access and benefit-sharing (PABS). This annex, which aims to establish transparent protocols for sharing virus samples and related health data during outbreaks, may take up to two years to finalize. Only after this stage will states begin their national ratification processes.
The treaty represents the culmination of three years of intensive intergovernmental negotiations, signaling renewed commitment to multilateral cooperation despite increasing geopolitical polarization. Analysts have called the agreement a vital win for global governance, especially as international institutions like the WHO have faced funding instability and political challenges.
One such challenge was the temporary withdrawal of the United States from the WHO under former President Donald Trump. While U.S. negotiators exited the treaty process during that period, the Biden administration has re-engaged, though the U.S. is not formally bound by the accord as of now.
The accord’s emphasis on global equity, shared responsibility, and inclusive decision-making is seen as a strategic response to future cross-border health emergencies and a foundational step toward building a resilient international public health architecture.
As nations move toward ratification and implementation, attention will turn to the operationalization of core treaty provisions—particularly around data governance, pharmaceutical transparency, regulatory harmonization, and resource allocation for underfunded health systems.
